ABSTRACT In nine Caranx hippos specimens, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Cu concentration was determined in tissues (muscle and gonad) and parasites (nematodes and cestodes). The fish were caught from February to June 2019 in Las Barrancas, Alvarado Beach, Veracruz, Mexico. Heavy metals were quantified using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of the average concentration of pollutants were, Cr = 0.18 ± 0.05 mg kg−1 dry weight (dw); Cu = 0.2 ± 0.1 mg kg−1 dw; Pb = 0.022 ± 0.01 mg kg−1 dw; Cd = <0.003 mg kg−1 dw. Among the tissues, Cu was the one with the highest concentration in nematodes vs. cestodes (2.2:1); vs. gonad (2.5:1); vs. muscle (2.7:1). Due to the concentration registered in Caranginema americanum nematodes could be identified as a bioindicator species for Cu pollutant. The values generally do not exceed the limits established in the Mexican National Standard (NOM-242-SSA1-2009) for Cd and Pb (0.5 mg kg−1). Records of heavy metals do not represent a health risk from consuming C. hippos.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the acute toxicity of the commercial herbicides Karmex® (diuron: DCMU 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) and Herbipol® (glyphosate: N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) on the megalopae of Callinectes sapidus and measure their relative abundance in the association of larval and postlarval species of crustaceans from the estuary of the Jamapa River, Veracruz. Collections were made overnight using white light traps. Likewise, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, total dissolved solids, and salinity were measured in situ. It was found that the association of larvae and postlarvae consisted of Macrobrachium acanthurus, M. olfersii, Potimirim mexicana, megalopae of C. sapidus and Armases ricordi, and zoeas of Brachyura. In total, 559 and 1057 C. sapidus megalopae were collected in November and March 2019, respectively. Dissolved oxygen was 6 and 7 mg L−1, pH was 7 and 8, the temperature was 26 and 27°C, total dissolved solids were 700 and 1500 ppm, and salinity was 0.70 and 16 in November and March, respectively. Using Probit analysis, a 96 h LC50 of diuron (Karmex®) was 7.69 ± 1.07 mg L−1 in March and 6.64 ± 0.93 mg L−1 in November. The LC50 for glyphosate (Herbipol®) was 247.83 ± 34.54 mg L−1 in March and 288.18 ± 38.66 3 mg L−1 in November. The blue crab C. sapidus is tolerant to a wide range of physicochemical factors; however, it is sensitive in the postlarval stages, like other species of crustaceans, to the herbicides diuron and glyphosate, for which the megalopae can be used in ecotoxicological studies.

ABSTRACT The Interdunary Lagoons System of the city of Veracruz (SLICV) is part of the natural ecosystems known as Ramsar sites, whose objective is focused on the conservation of ecological functions. This system comprises 18 lagoons in the Veracruz-Boca del Río metropolitan area, which are considered “infrequent” since they are fresh and shallow water bodies that provide different ecosystem services to the inhabitants of the area. The progressive loss of this services is due to various sources of anthropogenic pressure (for example, land-use change, lack of sanitation infrastructure, and increase of pollutants and dumped waste). The objective of this research was to characterize the waste dumping into the SLICV and its impact on the different ecosystem services of each lagoon. The 18 sampling sites were geographically delimited with a spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Four types of waste were identified, being the urban solid the most predominant type. The regulation ecosystem service was the most impacted in almost every lagoon.

RESUMEN El Sistema de Lagunas Interdunarias de la Ciudad de Veracruz (SLICV) forma parte de los ecosistemas naturales conocidos como sitios Ramsar, cuyo objetivo se centra en la conservación de funciones ecológicas. Este sistema, ubicado en la zona conurbada Veracruz-Boca del Río, está constituido por 18 lagunas consideradas “poco frecuentes”, ya que son cuerpos de agua dulce, someros y proveen diferentes servicios ecosistémicos a los habitantes de la zona. La pérdida gradual de dichos servicios ecosistémicos se debe a diversas fuentes de presión antrópica (por ejemplo, el cambio en el uso del suelo, falta de infraestructura de saneamiento, incremento de contaminantes y residuos). La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo la caracterización de los residuos que se vierten en el SLICV y su impacto sobre los diferentes servicios ecosistémicos de cada laguna. Los 18 sitios de muestreo se delimitaron geográficamente con un análisis espacial mediante sistemas de información geográfica (SIG). Se identificaron cuatro tipos de residuos, de los cuales el sólido urbano fue el más predominante. El servicio ecosistémico de regulación fue el más impactado en casi todas las lagunas.

ABSTRACT Farmers have increased the production of food by using chemical substances such as diuron; however, these components affect the water quality and the species found in these ecosystems. Macrobrachium acanthurus and M. olfersii postlarvae present in the estuary of Río Jamapa, Veracruz were collected to measure the LC50 and LD50 using the herbicide Karmex (diuron: (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea [DCMU]). The captures of the prawns were made with light traps. Acute toxicity bioassays were carried out at 96 h to determine the mean lethal concentration (LC50). In the experimental design, a geometric series was used considering the control and five concentrations of the herbicide (1.75, 3.5, 6.99, 14, and 28 mg/L). The data analysis was carried out with the Probit method. A maximum LC50 of 10.233 mg/L and LD50 of 8.221 mg/L of Karmex were obtained for M. acanthurus and a maximum LC50 of 9.242 mg/L and LD50 of 7.504 mg/L of Karmex were obtained for M. olfersii. The average lethal concentration was consistent with those of other crustaceans, such as Artemia salina and Daphnia. Based on the response in the bioassays, Macrobrachium acanthurus and M. olfersii postlarvae can be used in toxicology studies.

RESUMEN Los agricultores han aumentado la producción de alimentos mediante el uso de sustancias químicas como el Diurón; sin embargo, estos componentes afectan la calidad del agua y las especies que se encuentran en estos ecosistemas. Se recolectaron postlarvas de Macrobrachium acanthurus y M. olfersii presentes en el estuario del Río Jamapa, Veracruz para medir la CL50 y DL50 utilizando el herbicida Karmex (diuron: DCMU (3-(3,4-diclorofenil)-1,1-dimetilurea). Se realizaron las capturas de los langostinos con trampas de luz. Los bioensayos de toxicidad aguda se midieron a las 96 h para determinar la concentración letal media (CL50). En el diseño experimental se utilizó una serie geométrica considerando el testigo y cinco concentraciones del herbicida (1.75, 3.5, 6.99, 14 y 28 mg/L). El análisis de datos se realizó con el método Probit. Se obtuvo una CL50 máxima de 10.233 mg/L y una DL50 de 8.221 mg/L de Karmex para M. acanthurus y una CL50 máxima de 9.242 mg/L y DL50 de 7.504 mg/L de Karmex para M. olfersii. La concentración letal promedio fue consistente con la de otros crustáceos, como Artemia salina y Daphnia. Con base en la respuesta en los bioensayos, se pueden utilizar postlarvas de Macrobrachium acanthurus y M. olfersii en estudios de toxicología.

Abstract Every year millions of cubic meters of wastewater are discharged into water bodies, which are treated in an inadequate way, these procedures being inefficient to achieve what is required by law or for use within industrial processes. In these cases, and due to the scarcity of water, the use of advanced oxidation processes is being used as an alternative treatment, which are based on physicochemical processes capable of producing profound changes in the chemical structure of pollutants, involving the generation and the use of transitory species with great oxidizing power, mainly the hydroxyl radical, which can be generated by photochemical means or by other forms of energy, and is highly effective in the oxidation of organic matter. This review aims to perform an analysis of the influence of treatments on the decontamination process.

Resumen Cada año se vierten millones de metros cúbicos de aguas residuales a los cuerpos de agua, las cuales son tratadas de forma inadecuada, siendo estos procedimientos ineficientes para alcanzar lo requerido por la ley o para uso dentro de los procesos industriales. En estos casos, y debido a la escasez del hídrico, se está recurriendo al uso de los procesos de oxidación avanzada como tratamiento alternativo. Estos procesos se basan en procesos fisicoquímicos capaces de producir cambios profundos en la estructura química de los contaminantes, involucrando la generación y uso de especies transitorias de gran poder oxidante, principalmente el radical hidroxilo, el cual puede ser generado por medios fotoquímicos o por otras formas de energía y posee alta efectividad para la oxidación de materia orgánica. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis de la influencia de los tratamientos en el proceso de descontaminación.

ABSTRACT Background: The southern zone of the estuary of the Jamapa River, Veracruz, is a place of transition between the river and the marine environment to which sediments, compounds, and species of crustaceans are transported to the neritic zone where is the Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Objective: The responses of exposure of Potimirim mexicana postlarvae to diuron, glyphosate, and paraquat, as well as the relative abundance, diversity of the association of crustaceans, and values of temperature, salinity, oxygen, pH, and dissolved solids in the estuary were evaluated. Methods: Sampling was carried out with white light traps in November and March. Living Potimirim mexicana postlarvae were obtained from the samples to carry out the bioassays; the remaining individuals of the association were fixed in 70% alcohol for identification and quantification. The environmental factors were measured using a multiparameter Hanna HI 9828. Results: Dissolved oxygen was of 6-7 mgL-1, pH of 8-9, temperature of 26-27° C, total dissolved solids of 700-1,500 ppm and salinity of 0.70-16 ups. Environmental conditions permit the presence of Potimirim mexicana postlarvae. Six taxa were found: postlarvae of Macrobrachium acanthurus, M. olfersii and Potimirim mexicana, megalopae of Callinectes sapidus and Armases ricordi, and zoeae of Brachyura. Diversity ranged from 1.55 to 1.77 bits*individual-1, indicating an intermediate stability of the estuary. A total of 12,827 postlarvae of P. mexicana were obtained. The LC50 values of diuron, paraquat, and glyphosate were 5.94, 1.51, and 221.05 mgL-1, respectively. Conclusions: The values found here are consistent with those obtained by other authors for different species of crustaceans. Due to the important ecological in the food web of P. mexicana, its postlarvae can be used as sensitive test organisms in ecotoxicological studies.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: La zona sur del estuario del río Jamapa, Veracruz, es un lugar de transición entre el río y el medio marino al que se transportan sedimentos, compuestos y especies de crustáceos hasta la zona nerítica donde se encuentra el Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Objetivo: Se evaluaron las respuestas de exposición de las postlarvas de Potimirim mexicana a diurón, glifosato y paraquat, así como la abundancia relativa, diversidad de asociación de crustáceos y valores de temperatura, salinidad, oxígeno, pH y sólidos disueltos en el estuario. Métodos: El muestreo se realizó con trampas de luz blanca en noviembre y marzo. De las muestras se obtuvieron postlarvas vivas de Potimirim mexicana para realizar los bioensayos; los restantes individuos de la asociación se fijaron en alcohol al 70% para su identificación y cuantificación. Los factores ambientales se midieron utilizando un multiparamétrico Hanna HI 9828. Resultados: El oxígeno disuelto fue de 6-7 mgL-1, pH de 8-9, temperatura de 26-27 ° C, sólidos disueltos totales de 700-1,500 ppm y salinidad de 0,70-16 ups. Las condiciones ambientales permiten la presencia de postlarvas de Potimirim mexicana. Se encontraron seis taxones: postlarvas de Macrobrachium acanthurus, M. olfersii y Potimirim mexicana, megalopas de Callinectes sapidus y Armases ricordi y zoeas de Brachyura. La diversidad osciló entre 1,55 y 1,77 bits*individuo-1, lo que indica una estabilidad intermedia del estuario. Se obtuvieron un total de 12,827 postlarvas de P. mexicana. Los valores de LC50 de diurón, paraquat y glifosato fueron 5.94, 1.51 y 221.05 mgL-1, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los valores aquí encontrados son consistentes con los obtenidos por otros autores para diferentes especies de crustáceos. Debido a la importancia ecológica en la trama trófica de P. mexicana, sus postlarvas pueden usarse como organismos de prueba sensibles en estudios ecotoxicológicos.

Resumo Engraulicola lamothei n. sp. (Monogenea: Gastrocotylidae) é descrito a partir das brânquias de Chloroscombrus chrysurus (Teleostei: Carangidae) de Veracruz, Sul do Golfo do México. Este monogêneo tem 1110-1670 (1328) µm de comprimento e 260-550 (363) µm de largura. O “haptor” é assimétrico, o lado longo tem vários grampos (35-42), e o lado curto tem um único grampo, e a extremidade posterior tem um pequeno “lappet” armado com dois pares de ganchos diferentes. Os poros genitais masculino e feminino são abertos perto da extremidade anterior do corpo; o poro genital masculino é ventral, armado com uma coroa de 12 espinhos; o poro feminino é dorsal e desarmado. A nova espécie difere de Engraulicola forcipopenis George, 1960 e de Engraulicola micropharyngella Unnithan, 1967, pela ausência de um par de fórceps pontiagudos como espinhos localizados na extremidade do pênis, em meio aos espinhos da coroa; e de Engraulicola thrissocles Tripathi, 1959, pelo número de pinças em ambos os lados, pelo número de pares de ganchos no “lappet” terminal, e pelo número de testículos. Este é o primeiro registro do gênero Engaulicola George, 1960 para a costa oeste do Atlântico.

Abstract Engraulicola lamothei n. sp. (Monogenea: Gastrocotylidae) is described from the gills of Chloroscombrus chrysurus (Teleostei: Carangidae) from Veracruz, southern Gulf of Mexico. This monogenean is 1110-1670 (1328) µm long and 260-550 (363) µm wide. The haptor is asymmetrical, the long side has several clamps (35-42), and the short side has a single clamp; the posterior end has a small lappet armed with two dissimilar pairs of hooks. Male and female genital pores open near the anterior body end; the male genital pore is ventral, armed with a corona of 12 spines; the female pore is dorsal and unarmed. The new species differs from Engraulicola forcipopenis George, 1960 and from Engraulicola micropharyngella Unnithan, 1967 by lacking a pair of pointed forceps-like spines at the end of the penis amid the corona spines, and from Engraulicola thrissocles Tripathi, 1959 by the number of clamps on both sides, the number the hook pairs on the terminal lappet and the testis number. This is the first record of the genus Engaulicola George, 1960 on the Atlantic West Coast.

Abstract We evaluated the composition, distribution, and abundance of the decapod genera at different developmental stages of larvae and adult macro-crustaceans along the coastline of the Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano, SW Gulf of Mexico. Collections were made using light traps. Temperature, salinity, oxygen, and pH were measured in situ. The samples were fixed with 70 % alcohol, separated, and identified by developmental stage and genus level with specialized literature. The Olmstead-Tukey test, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and Pielou equitability test were applied. Canonical correlation and cluster analysis were performed. In total, 20,049 individuals of 56 stage-genera were collected, with Potimirim Holthuis, 1954 postlarvae being the most abundant ones. The most abundant taxa were Potimirim at Playa Martí, Macrobrachium Spence Bate, 1868 at Plaza de la Soberanía, and Pachygrapsus Randall, 1840 at Playa Villa del Mar and Playa Tortugas. At Playa Villa del Mar, the highest diversity was found (3.47 bits*individuals-1), and this is related to the complexity of the site. In May, the greatest diversity (3.64 bits*individuals-1) was found, related to the time of reproduction of most of the stage-genera. Most stage-genera were classified as rare. Cluster analysis resulted in two groups, one containing taxa found in cold and wet months and the other of taxa found in dry months. Thus, the dynamics of the taxocene structure is determined by the lifecycles of the species, responding to the migration, reproduction, and colonization of each stage-genera.

RESUMEN Se efectuó un examen helmintológico a 14 especímenes de Eucinostomus melanopterus (mojarra bandera) y 19 Eugerres plumieri (mojarra rayada), de los cuales se recolectaron un total de 461 helmintos. Se identificaron 12 taxones (cinco a nivel de especie, cinco a género y dos a familia) como sigue: cuatro monogéneos, cinco digéneos (cuatro adultos, una metacercaria), un céstodo (plerocercoide) y dos nemátodos (larvas). La prevalencia más alta fue para Neodiplectanum mexicanum (29 %) en E. melanopterus y Aristocleidus hastatus (37 %) en E. plumieri. Ambos hospederos comparten el 50 % de los taxones de parásitos. Ninguno de los helmintos representa un riesgo zoonótico.

ABSTRACT A helminthological examination was carried out on 14 specimens of Eucinostomus melanopterus (flagfin mojarra) and 19 Eugerres plumieri (striped mojarra), of which a total of 461 helminths were collected. As a result, and 12 taxa were registered (five species, five genus and tow family), as follows: four monogeneans, five digeneans (four adults, one metacercaria), one cestode (larva) and tow nematodes (larvae). The highest prevalence was for Neodiplectanum mexicanum (29 %) infecting E. melanopterus and Aristocleidus hastatus (37 %) infecting E. plumieri. Both hosts shared 50 % of recorded species, and none of the identified helminthes represents a zoonotic risk.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to describe the morphology of Clibanarius antillensis Stimpson, 1859 megalopae collected in the vicinity of Isla Sacrificios, Mexico, and compare it to previous descriptions originated from Brazilian and Panamanian specimens raised in laboratory conditions. We found four meristic differences between the Brazilian and the Panamanian and Mexican populations with the Brazilian population: the outer flagellum of antennule in the Panamanian and Mexican populations has more aesthetascs on the second, third, and fourth segments of the outer flagellum (0, 6, 5, 3, 0) than the Brazilian population (0, 4, 4, 2, 0); the maxilla has more setae on the scaphognathite in the Brazilian specimens (70) than in the Mexican and Panamanian specimens (49-62); the crista dentata of the third maxilliped is formed by only three denticles in the Brazilian specimens, while 4 or 6 denticles form the same structure in the Panamanian and Mexican populations; there are fewer number of setae on the endopod of the uropod in the Brazilian population. The differences may be explained by intraspecific variation.

Abstract: Oreochromis spp., is an important resource and aquaculture crop in different species have been detected P de monogeneans parasites, but we ignore the presence of parasites in specimens of sale. They were studied to helminthology to 9 fish on day one and 9 on the 15th day of a selling point of live tilapia. We recorded 5 species of monogeneans four species of gill parasites: Scutogyrus longicornis, Cichlidogyrus dossoni, C. sclerosus, C. tilapiae and a kind of intestinal monogenean Enterogyrus malmbergi. No species of other groups of parasites were recovered. The prevalence and average intensity higher was for C. sclerosus in both groups and no host zoonotic risk.

Resumen: Oreochromis spp., es un importante recurso acuícola y en los cultivo se han detectado diferentes especies Pde monogéneos parásitos, pero desconocemos la presencia de parásitos en especímenes de venta. Se estudiaron para helmintología a 9 peces en el día uno y 9 en el día 15 de un punto de venta de tilapia viva. Registramos 5 especies de monogéneos, cuatro especies parásitos de branquias: Scutogyrus longicornis, Cichlidogyrus dossoni, C. sclerosus, C. tilapiae y una especie de monogéneo intestinal Enterogyrus malmbergi. No se recuperaron especies de otros grupos de parásitos. La mayor prevalencia e intensidad promedio fue para C. sclerosus en ambos grupos de hospederos y no hay riesgo zoonótico.

This study is a survey of helminths of the yellowtail snapper, Ocyurus chrysurus, collected in the islands de Enmedio and Anegada de Afuera reefs, Veracruz, Mexico. Nineteen species were found in fish collected in Anegada de Afuera reef: 9 digeneans (7 adults, and 2 metacercariae); 5 nematodes (2 adults and 3 larvae); 3 monogeneans; 1acanthocephalan (adult) and 1 cestode (larva); while in the Isla de Enmedio reef 15 of these species were recorded. 7 species are new records for this host, increasing from 17 to 24 species known in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean.

En este estudio se presentan los resultados del análisis helmintológico de la rubia, Ocyurus chrysurus, capturados en los arrecifes de las islas de Enmedio y Anegada de Afuera, Veracruz, México. En el arrecife Anegada de Afuera se registraron 19 especies de helmintos: 9 digéneos (7 adultos y 2 metacercarias), 5 nematódos (2 adultos y 3 larvas), 3 monogéneos, un acantocéfalo (adulto) y un céstodo (larva), en tanto, en el arrecife de la Isla de Enmedio se registraron 15 de estas especies. 7 especies son nuevos registros para este hospedero, aumentando de 17 a 24 especies conocidas para la región del golfo de México y el Caribe.

Ejemplares del pez Dormitator maculatus (n=184) fueron recolectado en la laguna de Alvarado, México durante el período de un año (octubre 1993- 1994). El análisis helmintológico permitió registrar la presencia de Clinostomum complanatum (82.3%), Neoechinorhynchus golvani (76.1%), Spiroxys sp. (21.3 %), y Camallanus sp. (6.2%). La redución del hematocrito causada por la infección es estadísticamente significativa (t, = 0.05)

Dormitator maculatus (n=184) was collected in the Alvarado Lagoon, Mexico during a year period (Oct. 1993-1994). In the helminthologic review, the presence of Clinostomum complanatum (82.3%), Neoechinorhynchus golvani (76.1%), Spiroxys sp. (21.3 %), and Camallanus sp. (6.2%) was registered. Reduction of the hematocrit caused by such infection is significant (t, = 0.05)